To be fair, your username kind of suggests you want to look inside everything anyway

Disclaimer: I have nothing more than a secondary education level of physics and a keen interest in physics in general.

It’s common scientific belief that all physical forces are backed up by a field, for example, magnetism by the electromagnetic field, gravity by a gravity field. It would follow that the strong and weak nuclear forces also have corresponding fields.

For a disruptor to work as seen in fiction, you’d probably be looking to disrupt the weak nuclear force, and would need a mechanism to locally change the properties of the corresponding weak nuclear field.

I don’t know if there is such a mechanism available to us currently. Hopefully someone else has a definitive answer.